Nigeria has grown from three regions to 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory (Abuja), evolving an increasingly complex system with a balance of powers modeled largely on the US system but with an inheritance from the British system and numerous local systems as well. stream It has devolved some more of its powers to mayoralities, such as those in London and Greater Manchester, who have influence over things like transport policy. So, what can you expect to be on the AP Human Geography exam? See how scores on each section impacts your overall SAT score, See how scores on each section impacts your overall ACT score. Those countries were either dictatorships or had fragile democratic systems, but even advanced democracies with devolved powers (e.g., Spain, Canada, UK), also have regions where sentiment and actions have favored secession. Nigeria is a federal republic with separation of powers and substantial power devolved to the state level and four types of judicial systems. Try refreshing the page, or contact customer support. The central government has granted devolved governments for these regions. - Definition & Examples, What Is House Arrest? The central government may agree to devolution to ensure that a region remains part of the country but stops stirring up trouble. regional, state, or local governments). Ethnicity and religion increase cultural cohesion in the country by promoting shared political ideology. A leading example of devolution was the delegation in 1998 and 1999 of substantial powers and authority in the United Kingdom to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. police: Decentralized police organizations, https://www.britannica.com/topic/devolution-government-and-politics, The Scottish Government - History of Devolution. Its name comes from an Algonquin word for "where the river narrows." . A. That region may request a devolved government to govern itself in a way that's more relevant to its unique needs. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. What natural resource has been the most conflictive in Nigeria? Sometimes devolution occurs because the regions under a central government differ vastly in their political views and values. and possible pandemicsin such an age we are faced with the strange centrifugal force of devolution as many people lose faith in centralized authorities to solve their problems. <p>The high level of economic difference between the regions in Italy acts as a devolutionary force.</p> The basement kids can't get their room warm enough in the winter. The United States is not immune to devolutionary forces. #326 Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces - Google Slides Devolution: Examples | What Does Devolution of Power Mean? - Video If they aren't able to benefit economically, as happened to the Ijaw people in the Niger Delta with oil, ethnic separatism can result. Shatterbelt. Boundaries are thin, invisible markers that can be cultural, physical, or both. Its 100% free. . Social issues due to different languages, cultures, or religions can lead to devolution. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> The four main ethnocultural devolutinary movements are Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Lithuania, and Sudan. Devolution is entangled with the formation of identity - and especially ethno-regional identity. The creation of new countries has been possible as a result of devolutionary forces. The Muslim-Christian divide has been enflamed by the herder-farmer conflict and animosity against Fulanis. Sudan was a multi-ethnic state that was composed of several regions with distinct cultural and linguistic identities. The Federal government is still sovereign and maintains powers over foreign policy and defense, but each state can govern itself. Devolution - Federalism in America - CSF Many separatist groups exist on the periphery and suffer from political and economic inequality and unequal treatment. The southern states had different political views when it came to slavery and wanted to have their own laws regarding slaves. Here are a few examples of historical devolution. B_" .s 4~7*D^FP:M"}T Zpp`*b~V5x28 NNPf5~6V5C?GCpPP>'.L+}(e*at~*]]f{PfuNa/eW # All of the following factors can be considered devolutionary forces In the U.S. federalist system, state governments have the power to make their own laws and policies. Jeremy taught elementary school for 18 years in in the United States and in Switzerland. Extradition Overview, Laws & Examples | What is Extradition? j9*az';zpM_p-R\_&8$UU>aX2dE1L6d0>(-RH@Cdn3B2]XQG^a .;H PDF AP Human Geography - College Board Scottish independence movement: The Scottish independence movement is a political movement in Scotland that seeks independence from the United Kingdom. The military governed reunited Nigeria until 1979 when there was a 4-year democratic interlude called the Second Nigerian Republic, with a new constitution. Answer: Divisive forces threaten a country's sovereignty by dividing the country and breaking down the central government. Iraq: The ongoing conflict in Iraq, including the rise of the Islamic State, is often seen as a result of Balkanization. All Rights Reserved 2021 Theme: Prefer by. For example, supporters of states rights in the United States favoured diffusing power away from Washington, D.C., toward state and local governments. Supranationalism, Devolution & Democratization | Concepts, Forces, & Examples. The examples in the table show states that gained or lost United States House of Representatives districts based on 2010 census data. What are the three types of devolutionary forces? As with any colonial regime, tactics of divide and conquer ended up pitting ethnic nations against each other, a recipe for disaster for an independent Nigeria. Legal and constitutional frameworks: The legal and constitutional frameworks in place can also shape the devolutionary process. They are called centrifugal forces, and some examples of these forces are religious, ethno-cultural, economic, and spatial differences and can lead to devolution. Yugoslavia ethnic and religious, violent "ethnic cleansing", separate nations Balkanization. Devolution in Canada: Examples & Reasons | StudySmarter For a multinational state with 500+ languages spoken and strong animosities between South and North, this was a way tensions could ease, it was thought. Most of the worlds 200 states have multicultural populations, so there are many examples of ethno-cultural devolution. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Yugoslavia was ruled by Tito for many decades after WWII as a member of the non-aligned movement. Economic devolutionary forces can occur when regions seek control of natural resources. There are several reasons why devolution would be desired. This desire for greater autonomy can lead to protest, and even violence. 4.10 Consequences of Centrifugal and Centripetal Forces Spain's constitution establishes a state of autonomies for its diverse regions. Taiwan, Corsica, Puerto Rico, and Sardinia are all exmaples of countries who are experiencing devolution. Physical geography can cause isolation due to natural features. Simulate how different MCQ and FRQ scores translate into AP scores. Ethnic tensions and a lack of trust in the central government contributed to the breakup of the state, and South Sudan became an independent country. Separatists from the Basque region have plagued Spain with violence for a long time. Babangida, who restored freedom of the press and carried out other measures to reform the system. Devolution: Examples | What Does Devolution of Power Mean? AP Human Geography Unit 4 | Geography - Quizizz Centripetal forces unify a state by providing stability and creating solidarity. More from Mr. SinnUltimate Review Packets:AP Human Geography: https://bit.ly/3JNaRqMAP Psychology: https://bit.ly/3vs9s43APHG Teacher Resources: https://bit.. The attic kids, however, find it impossible to cool down their room in the summer because it gets so hot during the day. 2: Biafra map (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Biafra_independent_state_map-en.svg) by Eric Gaba (https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilisateur:Sting) licensed by CC BY-S.A 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en), Fig. Ironically the adoption of the Euro as part of the European Union (EU) created centrifugal forces in Europe. Nigeria uses a presidential system and is a federal republic with a bicameral legislature. The ethnocultural devolutionary forces that divided these countries were civil wars, religious conflicts, ethnic conflicts, and discriminative policies. Examples of Devolution in Canada. Devolutionary pressures result in increased autonomy for a region. With reference to the political and economic geography of Europe, briefly discuss the changes resulting from supranationalism, C. With reference to the political and economic geography of Europe, briefly discuss three changes resulting from devolution, Discuss three changes resulting from devolution in Europe (3 points). It was a communist state, but was not aligned with the Soviets. F. Identify and explain one political impact resulting from devolutionary pressures related to cultural differences in either Spain or Nigeria. The national government in Westminster has devolved some of its powers to councils, such as setting council tax and organising rubbish collection. <> Devolution threatens to lead to state collapse due to inter-ethnic strife and hatred, perceived unequal treatment by the federal government, corruption, and unequal access to resources such as oil. G. Identify and explain one impact on population which can result from devolutionary pressures related to cultural differences in either Spain or Nigeria. For example, national holidays bring people together and enforce the cohesion of the group. - Definition & Meaning, Witness: Definition & Role in Criminology, What is a Public Defender? Farmers resent crop destruction by cattle; pastoralists resent farmers blocking cattle from free movement and water sources. Think about a family who lives in a five bedroom house. Through the separation of powers, the legislature, executive branch, and judicial branch work together to govern the country at the federal level; states have governors and their own governments. Unit 7: Compare Rostow & Wallerstein Models of Development . The United Kingdom allowing for powers to be transferred to Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland is just. 1. Governments can counter devolutionary groups and democracy movements with pro-government applications, information, news or media. During referendums, regions such as Catalonia, Quebec, and Scotland have seen 40% or more of their populations vote in favor of secession (complete separation), but these places have not achieved independence. Political: There are cases when the political ideals between different regions vary too much to reside under the same laws and policies. Ironically the adoption of the Euro as part of the European Union (EU) created centrifugal forces in Europe. For example, countries that have federal systems of government may have more established mechanisms for devolution, while countries with unitary systems may need to adopt new laws or constitutional amendments to enable devolution. Canada has numerous examples of devolution within its asymmetric federal system. Indeed, devolution hasn't stifled the growth of these independent identities. His strength is in educational content writing and technology in the classroom, Erin has taught English and History. Another example of devolution is Spain. Devolutionary Forces Flashcards | Quizlet Factors such as the presence of strong regional or local political parties or movements, the level of support for devolution among the public, and the willingness of the central government to cede power can all shape the devolutionary process. If all the kids live under and follow the same rules, it's called centralized power. 3 - The National Assembly Complex in Abuja, built in 1999. The kids living in the third floor attic follow the same rules as the kids living in the basement room. The movement is driven by a desire to protect the French language and culture of Quebec, and to give the people of Quebec more control over their own affairs. Self-determination has allowed the restoration of Islamic law (Sharia) in 12 states, for example, which had been the case historically in the North. Here is an example of a question you can expect to see on the newly formatted AP Exam this year (provided by the College Board): a region caught between stronger colliding external cultural-political forces, under persistent stress, and ofter fragmented by aggressive rivals. The notion of the modern state developed in Europe in the early eighteenth century. But the challenges the "giant of Africa" faces are still grave. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. There are many factors that can influence the process of devolution and the specific form that it takes. However, they can also exist within unitary states, where they are granted a degree of self-governance by the central government. The dispute over so-called sanctuary cities for undocumented immigrants is but one example of failure to cooperate with federal authorities. Ethnic nations have rivalries stretching back centuries. Well give you challenging practice questions to help you achieve mastery in AP Human Geography. In simple terms, devolution is when a centralized governing power chooses to relinquish some power and authority to the smaller governing regions within their power. Londons decision to join the EU Scottish nationalism and during the 1990s, the Scottish National Party encouraged devolution. Sub-nationalism can be driven by a variety of factors, including cultural or linguistic differences, economic disparities, or a desire to protect regional or local traditions and practices. Devolution: the political process in which subdivisions are granted autonomy and functional powers on a provincial basis. Kurdistan has a high degree of self-governance and is responsible for matters such as education, health care, and economic development within its borders. )Which of the following examples would be considered a devolutionary force? Governments can ban media from broadcasting information, news, websites or other media regarding an ethnic, religious, or political groups who intend to devolve the state or reform the government. Ethnic tensions between the different groups within Yugoslavia, as well as the influence of external actors, contributed to the breakup of the state and the creation of several independent countries, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Slovenia. Ukraine: The ongoing conflict in Ukraine, including the annexation of Crimea by Russia, is often seen as a result of Balkanization. False. Devolution everywhere: Spain, Italy, Britain and the problems of Devolution has also occurred in Finland, where the government has granted significant autonomy to the largely Swedish-speaking population of the land Islands; in Spain, where regional governments (particularly the Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia, and Andalusia) have enjoyed extensive powers; and in Italy, where several regions have been granted special autonomy by the central government. Let's examine devolution in the U.K. Nationalism and decolonization are important factors to view when considering reasons why a region under a central government would want to devolve and become more autonomous. The Scottish people have a very different cultural heritage than the English. 4 0 obj Meanwhile, tensions in Northern Ireland were running high. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. In the mid-1800s, the United States was engaged in a fierce civil war between the northern states and the southern states. For example, supporters of states' rights in the United States favoured diffusing power away from Washington, D.C., toward state and local governments. After devolution, it has become responsible for many areas, including: Agriculture, forestry and fishing Education Environment Health Housing Justice, policing and courts Local government Some. Ethnonationalism If one region is much more economically independent or richer, they will want to separate while the other region will want them to stay. They are a Hindu minority who fight for independence from the Sinhalese, a Buddhist majority. This discussion on states and boundaries leads us into the main topic of this AP Human Geography study guide, devolution. Political office can be a means of enrichment through nepotism (having one's friends/family appointed to lucrative posts), graft, and other ways of misappropriating public funds. If two parts of a country consider themselves drastically and culturally different from each other, they will be more inclined to separate. But what are those forces at play and how do central governments deal with those forces to keep the peace in their country? This is significant because the Ijaw were on the federal side in the Biafra War. Constitutional Democracy: Help and Review, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Introduction to the Study of American Government: Help and Review, The Spread of Democratic Ideals During the Revolutionary War, The Articles of Confederation and the Northwest Ordinance, Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and Shays Rebellion, The Constitutional Convention: The Great Compromise, The Ratification of the Constitution and the New U.S. Government, The US Constitution: Preamble, Articles and Amendments, Constitutional Provisions for Limited Government, The Bill of Rights: The Constitution's First 10 Amendments, Bicameral Legislature: Definition & Features, What is Representative Democracy? 311 lessons. Catalonia has a high degree of self-governance and is responsible for matters such as education, health care, and cultural affairs within its borders. Devolution | government and politics | Britannica For example, centrifugal forces divide a state and can lead to a disruption of internal order or balkanization. Balkanization can have a number of negative consequences, including political instability, economic disruption, and conflict. If it doesn't work, as with devolution in Sudan, your country can collapse anyway, spiralling into chaos. In 1999, Nunavut officially broke from the Northwest Territory . Examples of spatial factors causing devolution are Corsica for France, Sardinia for Italy, Taiwan for China, and East Timor for Indonesians. 1a. Can threaten the territorial integrity of the state itself. **Distance Decay** Examples of physical/spatial factors include: Corsica for France, Taiwan for China, and East Timor for Indonesia The United States is not immune to devolutionary forces. Syria: The ongoing conflict in Syria is also often seen as a result of Balkanization. He's taught grades 2, 3, 4, 5 and 8. Though the ethnic hatreds across Nigeria involving Fulani cannot be understated, it is the pastoralists' encroachment on the former Biafra separatist region in the southeast that is creating the greatest devolutionary threat. These regions want the power to control their own affairs in a way that makes sense to them. Because physical boundaries are sometimes barriers to travel like mountains or water, they often are state borders. Devolution: the process of decentralization; central governments cede powers to regional governments, usually to grant autonomy, but not full independence, to ethnic nations and other groups with regional territories. Belgium is distinctly divided into two distinct regions, the Flemish in the north and the Walloons in the south. If you look at many modern day boundaries, you will see they are geometric, drawn up by Europeans during the colonial period, with no regard to ethnic division. A nation is a group of unified people with a common culture. Once associated with revolution, France now specializes in devolution, the steady descent of its economic indicators. The recent military occupation by Russian forces and subsequent referendum to join Russia . She's still a member of the household, but she can make more decisions for herself. Nigeria became a federal republic in 1963, three years after independence from the UK. However, devolution can also be a source of tension, as it can lead to differences in the policies and practices of different regions or localities. Are you a teacher or administrator interested in boosting AP Human Geography student outcomes? devolution, the transfer of power from a central government to subnational (e.g., state, regional, or local) authorities. It can also be fueled by political or economic issues, such as corruption or economic inequality, which can lead to a lack of trust in the central government and a desire for greater autonomy or independence. During the 1980s and 90s, however, support for devolution increased in both countries, particularly because, despite the fact that voters in both Scotland and Wales elected Labour candidates to the House of Commons by an overwhelming majority, the national government in London was dominated continuously for more than 18 years by the Conservative Party (197997). Sign up to highlight and take notes. DEVOLUTION. What is the difference between JFS and JFS2 in AIX? endobj All of these tensions and the power vacuum left by Tito opened the door for violence. 3: National Assembly (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nigeria%27s_National_Assembly_Building_with_the_Mace.jpg) by Kabusa16 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Kabusa16) licensed by CC BY-S.A. 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en). Balkanization refers to the process of dividing a region or country into smaller, often mutually hostile, units. Europeans are caught between holding on to cultural heritage and moving forward economically in a competitive global economy. Devolution is an important part of the AP Human Geography curriculum and is part of different concepts within the area of the political organization of space. Download updated posters summarizing the main topics and structure for each AP exam. Many of the example of devolution are in Europe, but they exist all across the world. Devolution in Nigeria: Federalism & Examples | StudySmarter Devolution may occur as one region of a state feels disconnected spatially and physically from the state. Define both terms and give a geographic example for each, B. Winning the vote, a Scottish Parliament and Welsh National Assembly were established in those countries. Basque independence movement: The Basque independence movement is a political movement in the Basque region of Spain and France that seeks independence from Spain and France. What system of government does Nigeria use? Corruption has become endemic in Nigeria's open, democratic system. D. Describe how physical geography and territorial size contributes todevolutionary pressures within a country. Devolution DEFINITION: The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government BALKANIZATION vs. DEVOLUTION Balkanization usually results in a new independent State. The British kept Muslim states in the North largely intact in the Northern Nigeria Protectorate and governed them indirectly. The European Union and Supranationalism - GitHub Pages Support for the scope of devolution differed in both Scotland and Wales and affected the proposals; Scotland was offered a parliament that would have the ability to pass legislation and set some of its own taxation rates, while the Welsh Assembly would have neither power and instead would be primarily vested with the ability to determine how legislation passed in London was implemented in Wales. Dozens, if not hundreds, of organized, heavily-armed criminal groups run by warlords exist across Nigeria and particularly in the northwest. An example of devolution would be the British government transferring powers to Scotland in 1999. because of the conflicts and divisions that have occurred there. The movement is driven by a desire to protect Flemish culture and language, and to give the people of Flanders more control over their own affairs. While both devolution and federalism are very similar in terms of who has powers and control, there is one key difference that separates the two. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member.
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