(2017). 46 (2), 208214. (2020). Science 367 (6485), 14441448. It has been revealed that COVID-19 patients treated with Lian-Hua-Qing-Wen capsules for 14days resulted in a considerably higher recovery rate of 91.5%, a dramatically shorter median time to symptom recovery of 7days than the control group, which applied conventional treatment (Hu et al., 2021). Am. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1302421. Pulmonary capillary leak syndrome following COVID-19 virus infection. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 40 (21), 42454250. Naunyn-schmiedeberg's Arch. 19 (5), 305306. Res. 282 (8), 55975607. Chem. J. Med. Am. Pulmonary Interstitial Pressure and Proteoglycans during Development of Pulmonary Edema. Circuits between Infected Macrophages and T Cells in SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia. Structural Basis for the Recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by Full-Length Human ACE2. Xue-Bi-Jing injection is also widely applicated in treating COVID-19 patients and by adding it based on the routine anti-infective therapy, the 28-day mortality of patients with severe pneumonia could be reduced by 8.8%, greatly improving pneumonia severity index (from 93.18 23.17 to 52.18 30.53) (Ma et al., 2020b). 16 (10), 17081717. Res. Toxin means various pathogenic microorganism and inflammatory storm presenting in infected patients, and dampness means the abnormal humoral metabolism like inflammatory exudation. Combination Therapy with Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Modulators Augment the Airway Functional Microanatomy. Infect. The .gov means its official. Perplexingly, successful balance of lung humoral metabolism may lead to the reduction of the number of COVID-19 death limiting the possibility of healthcare services with insufficient capacity to provide ventilator-assisted respiration. TRPs are essential for the respiratory system and pulmonary edema, in which TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPV4 are the most important. In addition, potassium channels can act as oxygen sensors in alveolar epithelium and thus adjust lung function to environmental changes in O2 levels (Bartoszewski et al., 2017). 276 (22), 1865718664. (1999). (2014). Physiol. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320953, Zhang, J.-L., Zhuo, X.-J., Lin, J., Luo, L.-C., Ying, W.-Y., Xie, X., et al. Drug Discov. Summary of potential TCM formulae against COVID-19. Pulmonary edema is an abnormal buildup of fluid in the lungs. 158, 104850. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104850, Ma, Q., Qiu, M., Zhou, H., Chen, J., Yang, X., Deng, Z., et al. COVID-19: Urgent Reconsideration of Lung Edema as a Preventable Outcome: Inhibition of TRPV4 As a Promising and Feasible Approach. (2021). (2020). Liu Shen Capsule Shows Antiviral and Anti-inflammatory Abilities against Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 via Suppression of NF-b Signaling Pathway. eCollection 2023. Besides chemical drugs and compounds we discussed above, natural compounds and TCMs also possess promising antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 and had notably contribution in curing COVID-19, especially in alleviating pulmonary edema and preventing the disease development from mild to severe. Pulmonary Edema in COVID19-A Neural Hypothesis - PubMed Pulmonary edema - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic medRxiv. 23 (5), 289301. (2013). As Gabazza et al., (2004) reported, lung fibrosis is linked to decreased mRNA and protein expression of AQP-5 in the lung. doi:10.1161/01.cir.37.1.45, Cai, J., Li, H., Zhang, C., Chen, Z., Liu, H., Lei, F., et al. Inhibition of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 impairs the hydrolysis of des-arg9-bradykinin. 274, L203L211. The toad venom injection can significantly improve the pulmonary function of COVID-19 patients by regulating PaO2/FiO2 and ROX index and thus alleviate pulmonary edema. -, Adil M. S., Narayanan S. P., Somanath P. R. (2020). Hyponatremia (low blood sodium concentration) as well as low concentrations of potassium and calcium in the blood serum are also associated with COVID-19 (Lippi et al., 2020). Acad. The abnormal expression of AQP is closely related to the abnormal alveolar fluid metabolism and the subsequent pulmonary fibrosis of COVID-19 patients. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00464.2004, Lung, J., Lin, Y. S., Yang, Y. H., Chou, Y. L., Shu, L. H., Cheng, Y. C., et al. doi:10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3, Shi, Z., Ye, W., Zhang, J., Zhang, F., Yu, D., Yu, H., et al. doi:10.5114/pdia.2013.37040, Cui, M., Gosu, V., Basith, S., Hong, S., and Choi, S. (2016). 181 (1), 5361. Potassium channels up-regulate ENaC expression via activating KvLQT1 pathway so as to control AFC (Bardou et al., 2012). Second, autopsy results showed no evidence of acute infection or cardiovascular disease in the internal organs. New theories of the possible link between Covid shots and tinnitus are This may be due to lingering inflammation and other factors. It was observed that the expression of ENaC and Na+/K+-ATPase in primary alveolar type II cells from rat lungs increased responding to terbutaline (Minakata et al., 1998). J. Med. Lian-Hua-Qing-Wen capsules significantly affect virus morphology, inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 replication with the IC50 value of 411.2g/ml, reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines production at the mRNA level, and show anti-inflammatory effect in vitro (Runfeng et al., 2020). Epithelial Sodium Channel Regulated by Aldosterone-Induced Protein Sgk. Trav. Toxicol. We are grateful to all of the colleagues who have given critical comments on this work. 288, 198114. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198114, Krlicka, A. L., Kruczkowska, A., Krajewska, M., and Kusztal, M. A. (2020). Res. TALLAHASSEE, Fla. Florida Surgeon General Joseph Ladapo personally altered a state-driven study about Covid-19 vaccines last year to suggest that some doses pose a . When to. Res. (2020). Pharmacol. doi:10.7150/ijbs.45538, Yang, Y., Shen, C., Li, J., Yuan, J., Yang, M., Wang, F., et al. Careers. PDF Updates on Thrombosis with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome (TTS) Woman dies half an hour after vaccine: Autopsy shows pulmonary edema Res. Zhou et al. The Lancet 395 (10223), 497506. TRPV4, expressed in alveolar type I, type II cells and alveolar capillary endothelial cells, has been considered as a crucial regulator of alveolo-capillary barrier integrity (Alvarez et al., 2006; Yin et al., 2008; Goldenberg et al., 2015; Yin et al., 2016). Physiology 23, 360370. Sepsis, another possible complication of COVID-19, can also cause lasting harm to the lungs and other organs. The Liu Shen capsule, of which pharmacodynamic component is also toad venom, was shown to have antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro, as it can inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells, reduce inflammatory cytokines production at the mRNA levels and suppress the NF-B signaling pathway to downregulate the expression of cytokines (Ma et al., 2020a). Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine Reactions & Adverse Events HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help (2020). Pharmacol. Repurposing Antimalarials and Other Drugs for COVID-19. Medicines 16 (11), 811828. When there, the virus itself and virus-mediated protein-protein interactions lead to the lung inflammatory storm responsible for the observed increasing vascular permeability in lung and pulmonary edema (Tang et al., 2020). doi:10.1038/d41573-020-00073-5, Thorneloe, K. S., Cheung, M., Bao, W., Alsaid, H., Lenhard, S., Jian, M.-Y., et al. Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins. Sci. Physiol. Perplexingly, successful balance of lung humoral metabolism may lead to the reduction of the number of COVID-19 death limiting the possibility of healthcare services with insufficient capacity to provide ventilator-assisted respiration. COVID-19 Vaccine FAQ | American Lung Association Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Patients Infected with 2019-New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A Review and Perspective. Regulation of Alveolar Fluid Clearance and ENaC Expression in Lung by Exogenous Angiotensin II. Resolving D1 (Wang et al., 2014), generated from -3 fatty docosahexaenoic acids, and ursodeoxycholic acid (Niu et al., 2019) can stimulate AFC and Na-K-ATPase in LPS-induced pulmonary edema via alveolar epithelial sodium channel and ALX/cAMP/PI3K pathway, respectively. Nonetheless, little attention has been paid to CD44 in COVID-19 treatment. J. Biol. In COVID-19, lung manifestations present as a slowly evolving pneumonia with insidious early onset interstitial pulmonary edema that undergoes acute exacerbation in the late stages and microvascular thrombosis. See this image and copyright information in PMC. doi:10.1152/ajplung.1998.275.3.L631, Perkins, G. D., McAuley, D. F., Thickett, D. R., and Gao, F. (2006). 388 (4), 421436. doi:10.1002/jmv.25761, Luo, X., Ni, X., Lin, J., Zhang, Y., Wu, L., Huang, D., et al. 274 (18), 1243112437. doi:10.1111/nyas.14472, Adil, M. S., Narayanan, S. P., and Somanath, P. R. (2020). Millions of people in the United States have received COVID-19 vaccines and they are safe and effective at protecting against COVID-19. Available: http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202003/46c9294a7dfe4cef80dc7f5912eb1989.shtml (Accessed February 4, 2021). COVID-19 Vaccine and Pulmonary Embolism: Is There a Link? - Healthline COPD and asthma cause your airways to swell and become blocked with mucus, which can make it hard to breathe. 35 (5), 684688. Influenza Induces IL-8 and GM-CSF Secretion by Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells through HGF/c-Met and TGF-/EGFR Signaling. Abnormal humoral metabolism is mainly manifested as imbalances of water and electrolytes. (1986). doi:10.1038/labinvest.2016.150, Zhang, P. h., Han, J., Cao, F., Liu, Y. j., Tian, C., Wu, C. h., et al. J. Pharmacol. Am. 291 (6), L1207L1219. However, further researches into the mode of action, efficacy and safety of these drugs are required. Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. As RAS plays an important role in PFC and AFC, astragaloside IV from Astragalus propinquus is able to protect kidney and respiratory by activating the ACE2-Ang-(17)-Mas pathway in RAS and improving ACE2, Ang-(17), Mas level (Wang et l., 2015; Qu, 2019). A recent review has summarized the effects of TRPs in pulmonary chemical injuries, which includes the representative TRPA1, TRPV1 and TRPV4 antagonists which have participated in preclinical and clinical studies (Achanta and Jordt, 2020) (Supplementary Tables S1S3). 2023 Feb 15;12(4):1542. doi: 10.3390/jcm12041542. Resolvin D1 Stimulates Alveolar Fluid Clearance through Alveolar Epithelial Sodium Channel, Na,K-ATPase via ALX/cAMP/PI3K Pathway in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury. doi:10.1002/jmv.25848, Cutts, S., Talboys, R., Paspula, C., Prempeh, E., Fanous, R., and Ail, D. (2017). Clinical Course and Outcomes of Critically Ill Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a Single-Centered, Retrospective, Observational Study. Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4-Mediated Disruption of the Alveolar Septal Barrier. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203894, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Achanta, S., and Jordt, S. E. (2020). Angiotensin-converting Enzyme 2 in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. doi:10.1002/path.2987, Wrapp, D., Wang, N., Corbett, K. S., Goldsmith, J. Mol. Efficacy and Safety of Lianhuaqingwen Capsules, a Repurposed Chinese Herb, in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized Controlled Trial. Dexamethasone for the Treatment of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19): a Review. (2020). Pathophysiology and incidence - Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is an extremely rare syndrome that can occur in individuals who received certain adenoviral-vectored coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines. By March 31st of 2021, a total of 128.54 million cases of severe Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) have been diagnosed globally, and a total of 2.81 million people have died from the disease (WHO, 2021). Clinical and Computed Tomographic Imaging Features of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Caused by SARS-CoV-2. DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27408 Abstract Myocarditis is one of the complications reported with COVID-19 vaccines, particularly both Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri (IRCCS), Italy. Optimizing Diagnostic Strategy for Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia, a Multi-center Study in Eastern China. Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19: Explained by Bradykinin?. (2021). Currently, only icatibant has been approved as bradykinin antagonist for clinical treatment, and relevant studies have revealed that cefepime, cefpirome, imatinib, raloxifene, sildenafil, ponatinib, abemaciclib and entrectinib may also act as prospective non-selective bradykinin antagonists and have potential for treatment of COVID-19 (Rasaeifar et al., 2020). Front. Rev. It has been shown that SARS-CoV-2 infects human cells via specific binding of S-protein to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) (Figure 2 Infection and replication process of SARS-CoV-2) (Xu et al., 2020) and the binding affinity between these two proteins is 1020 times greater than that of SARS-CoV and ACE2 (Yan et al., 2020; Wrapp et al., 2020). Circulation 37 (1), 4553. 155, 104743. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104743, Richardson, S., Hirsch, J. S., Narasimhan, M., Crawford, J. M., McGinn, T., Davidson, K. W., et al. During the infection of SARS-CoV-2, RAS, BK and hyaluronic acid (HA) are all involved in the regulation of AFC and the formation of pulmonary edema (Garvin et al., 2020). Who (2021). Effect of Convalescent Plasma Therapy on Time to Clinical Improvement in Patients with Severe and Life-Threatening COVID-19. DD&T 14 (5), 256258. Subjects 1760 (1), 19. In these patients, white blood cells count, neutrophil count and D-dimer level keep rising while lymphocyte count keeps decreasing as the disease progresses. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. JAMA 324 (5), 460470. Physiol. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Am. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Allergy Clin. Received: 05 February 2021; Accepted: 25 May 2021;Published: 07 June 2021. Sci. 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203894 Fatal Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome after SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Proc. Physiol. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30183-5, Hui, D. S. C., and Zumla, A. Antiviral Res. Phytomedicine 85, 153282. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153282, Ma, Q., Pan, W., Li, R., Liu, B., Li, C., Xie, Y., et al. Technol. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). (2020b). doi:10.1016/j.idc.2019.07.001, Imai, Y., Kuba, K., and Penninger, J. M. (2007). FIGURE 6. Human iPSC-Derived Cardiomyocytes Are Susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Pharmacol. "It is the macroscopic image of an old myocardial infarction and pulmonary edema under further laboratory investigation," medical examiner Nikos Kalogrias reportedly said on Wednesday. Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Genus Ephedra. Crit. J. Physiol. It promotes the clearance of surplus fluid in alveoli and keeps alveolar space dry (Wittekindt and Dietl, 2019). Care Med. Traditional Chinese Medicine for COVID-19 Treatment. 308 (11), L1136L1144. Acad. Moreover, other drugs which can regulate immune system like hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin may also show effects in treating SARS-COV-2-induced pulmonary edema and their effectiveness in treating SARS-COV-2 infections should be further investigated. Bookshelf COVID-19 mortality is primarily driven by abnormal alveolar fluid metabolism of the lung, leading to fluid accumulation in the alveolar airspace. Allergol. J. Physiol. Florida surgeon general altered key findings in study on Covid-19 A., Auerbach, S. D., Husted, R. F., Volk, K. A., Ageloff, S., Knepper, M. A., et al. COVID-19 vaccines can cause mild side effects after the first or second dose, including: Pain, redness or swelling where the shot was given Fever Fatigue Headache Muscle pain Chills Joint pain Nausea and vomiting Swollen lymph nodes Feeling unwell Most side effects go away in a few days. 383, 23332344. (2020). Semin. 1480 (1), 73103. 2020 Jul;57:102833. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102833. Summary of potential natural compounds against COVID-19. In early April 2021, an 86-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a 1-day history of weakness, dyspnoea and fever. 161, 105290. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105290, Shi, Y., Wang, Y., Shao, C., Huang, J., Gan, J., Huang, X., et al. doi:10.1038/s12276-018-0075-4, Zwaveling, S., Gerth van Wijk, R., and Karim, F. (2020). Jiangsu Qing Lan Project for Young Academic Leaders of China. doi:10.1165/ajrcmb.20.5.3382, Pascarella, G., Strumia, A., Piliego, C., Bruno, F., Del Buono, R., Costa, F., et al. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Cel Mol Biol 20 (5), 10281040. As the activation of AT1 receptor promotes the pulmonary edema, AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) like losartan, valsartan may be effective in decreasing pulmonary edema. Aldosterone-induced Sgk1 Relieves Dot1a-Af9-Mediated Transcriptional Repression of Epithelial Na+ Channel . J. Clin. Aspirin is used to reduce fever and relieve mild to moderate pain from conditions such as muscle aches, toothaches, common cold, and headaches.It may also be used to reduce pain and swelling in conditions such as arthritis.Aspirin is known as a salicylate and a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ().It works by blocking a certain natural substance in your body to reduce pain and swelling. WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard [Online]. SSRN. doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.20022673, Alvarez, D. F., King, J. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Physiol. doi:10.1136/bmj.m1432, Fleckenstein, A. Immunol. Epub 2023 Mar 31. What are the vaccines' side effects? - Mayo Clinic 158 (6), 16211628. Pulmonary Edema. doi:10.1007/s00018-007-6228-6, Itani, O. Virol. (2020). HM designed the framework of the review. Transient Receptor Potential Ankyrin Receptor 1 Is a Novel Target for Pro-tussive Agents. doi:10.1308/rcsann.2016.0238, de la Rosa, D. A., Zhang, P., Nray-Fejes-Tth, A., Fejes-Tth, G., and Canessa, C. M. (1999). (2020). Recently, several companies came out with vaccines against COVID-19 which have been approved for use.
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