Where did you buy it? Doing things like that. And that's what it was, it was a war. Jerry Hoose:And I got to the corner of Sixth Avenue and Eighth Street, crossed the street and there I had found Nirvana. But as we were going up 6th Avenue, it kept growing. Howard Smith, Reporter,The Village Voice:All of a sudden, in the background I heard some police cars. If anybody should find out I was gay and would tell my mother, who was in a wheelchair, it would have broken my heart and she would have thought she did something wrong. Ellen Goosenberg Trevor, Post Production And gay people were standing around outside and the mood on the street was, "They think that they could disperse us last night and keep us from doing what we want to do, being on the street saying I'm gay and I'm proud? You know, Howard's concern was and my concern was that if all hell broke loose, they'd just start busting heads. (Sourcing) Who was Dick Leitsch? E.R.C.H.O. Everyone from the street kids who were white and black kids from the South. WebSTANFORD HISTORY EDUCATION GROUP sheg.stanford.edu Document B: Sylvia Rivera (Excerpt) Born and raised in New York City, Sylvia Rivera participated in the Stonewall It meant nothing to us. Saying I don't want to be this way, this is not the life I want. woman, whose identity was not known, was arrested. Jerry Hoose:I remember I was in a paddy wagon one time on the way to jail, we were all locked up together on a chain in the paddy wagon and the paddy wagon stopped for a red light or something and one of the queens said "Oh, this is my stop." Doric Wilson:And we were about 100, 120 people and there were people lining the sidewalks ahead of us to watch us go by, gay people, mainly. It was a leaflet that attacked the relationship of the police and the Mafia and the bars that we needed to see ended. According to the documents the police allowed the bars to operate, overlooking violations in return for a percentage of the take. Tommy Lanigan-Schmidt:So you're outside, and you see like two people walking toward these trucks and you think, "Oh I think I'll go in there," you go in there, there's like a lot of people in there and it's all dark. William Eskridge, Professor of Law:In states like New York, there were a whole basket of crimes that gay people could be charged with. Yvonne Ritter:It's like people who are, you know, black people who are used to being mistreated, and going to the back of the bus and I guess this was sort of our going to the back of the bus. There are a lot of kids here. Barbara Gittings and Kay Tobin Lahusen Gay History Papers and Photographs, Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations These events and the people involved have not received as much historical attention as Stonewall, but are just as central to understandings of U.S. LGBTQIA+ histories. You cut one head off. Fred Sargeant:Three articles of clothing had to be of your gender or you would be in violation of that law. Lucian Truscott, IV, Reporter,The Village Voice:What they did in the Stonewall that night. There were occasions where you did see people get night-sticked, or disappear into a group of police and, you know, everybody knew that was not going to have a good end. Some of the pre-Stonewall uprisingsincluded: There have been many incidents in which police interaction with LGBTQ+ communities has resulted in violence, and in response, protest. Raymond Castro:So then I got pushed back in, into the Stonewall by these plain clothes cops and they would not let me out, they didn't let anybody out. Although there had been other protests by gay groups, the Stonewall incident was perhaps the first time lesbians, gays, and transgender people saw the value in uniting behind a common cause. And I raised my hand at one point and said, "Let's have a protest march." had beenorganizing an annual July 4th demonstration (1965-1969) known as the "Reminder Day Pickets," at Independence Hall in Philadelphia. Barak Goodman For the fiftieth anniversary of the Stonewall uprising, an anthology chronicling the tumultuous fight for LGBTQ rights in the 1960s and the activists who spearheaded it June 28, 2019 marks the fiftieth anniversary of the Stonewall uprising - the most significant event in the gay liberation movement and the catalyst for the modern fight for LGBTQ rights in the United States. The only faces you will see are those of the arresting officers. It was also a favorite haunt of underage and homeless members of the LGBTQ community. And Dick Leitsch, who was the head of the Mattachine Society said, "Who's in favor?" Although the Stonewall riots cannot be said to have initiated the gay rights movement as such, it did serve as a catalyst for a new generation of political activism. It's not my cup of tea. Detective John Sorenson, Dade County Morals & Juvenile Squad (Archival):There may be some in this auditorium. Occurring as it did in the context of the civil rights and feminist movements, the Stonewall riots became a galvanizing force. Biting had not been documented as a tactic of the rioters. When The Commission on Human Rights ruled that gay individuals had the right to be served in bars, police raids were temporarily reduced. WebView informativespeechoutline.docx from COMM MISC at Texas State University. They were just holding us almost like in a hostage situation where you don't know what's going to happen next. Links to additional online content are included when available. There's a little door that slides open with this power-hungry nut behind that, you see this much of your eyes, and he sees that much of your face, and then he decides whether you're going to get in. I was a homosexual. Narrator (Archival):Richard Enman, president of the Mattachine Society of Florida, whose goal is to legalize homosexuality between consenting adults, was a reluctant participant in tonight's program. Perhaps the man in question was having a bit of fun at the arresting officers expense. William Eskridge, Professor of Law:The Stonewall riots came at a central point in history. Dan Martino Well, little did he know that what was gonna to happen later on was to make history. The day is now celebrated globally to honor the brave individuals who stood up to the system and protested for equality in 1969. WebJamie Tucker March 20, 2022 HIS 200 3-2 Writing Plan Progress Check 3 Topic of Interest: For my historical event I have chosen The Stonewall Riots. I have to wonder about the veracity of the name Vince DePaul doesnt it sound like a comical twist on the famous Society of St. Vincent de Paul of thrift-shop fame? Seymour Pine, Deputy Inspector, Morals Division, NYPD:Well, we did use the small hoses on the fire extinguishers. You needed a license even to be a beautician and that could be either denied or taken away from you. A panel discussion on LBGTQ+ research on the eve of the 50th anniversary of the Stonewall Uprising. In particular, he cited the naming of Ms. Fowler as significant because some writers had questioned the extent or even existence of womens involvement at the inception of the uprising. The mayor of New York City, the police commissioner, were under pressure to clean up the streets of any kind of quote unquote "weirdness." National History Archive, LGBT Community Center And the Village has a lot of people with children and they were offended. The most infamous of those institutions was Atascadero, in California. Richard Enman (Archival):Present laws give the adult homosexual only the choice of being, to simplify the matter, heterosexual and legal or homosexual and illegal. Fred Sargeant:The press did refer to it in very pejorative terms, as a night that the drag queens fought back. The severity of the punishment varies from state to state. Early publications show that the LGBTQIA+ community largely did not use the term riot until years after the fact. The raid sparked a riot among bar patrons and neighborhood residents as police roughly hauled employees and patrons out of the bar, leading to six days of Martin Boyce:We were like a Hydra. Slate:In 1969, homosexual acts were illegal in every state except Illinois. '1Cmj`VUJlh**rUPlMmc_J)?lM6}L7@P?|h,hqzFf4'7`Z0FgGfoLv(rVGb`_p!^lxJ*j/;d8RhUUJ\*Rrq'zNphGlXKbQci{:TIFEPu@B?@=f/1)@dB9ldx+=dWR$>{^w(/2II^Q,e,)1;y1,E~cum}4VRQ,;W]mTN1TW mw$$%Zjmd1CyCyu`WU6. We strive for accuracy and fairness. This, to a homosexual, is no choice at all. A Q-Ball Productions film for AMERICAN EXPERIENCE Oddball Film + Video, San Francisco Use all four of your sources (two primary and two secondary) to answer the questions below. And I hadn't had enough sleep, so I was in a somewhat feverish state, and I thought, "We have to do something, we have to do something," and I thought, "We have to have a protest march of our own." BBC Worldwide Americas Martha Shelley:We participated in demonstrations in Philadelphia at Independence Hall. Mike Nuget And it just seemed like, fantastic because the background was this industrial, becoming an industrial ruin, it was a masculine setting, it was a whole world. Alfredo del Rio, Archival Still and Motion Images Courtesy of Research assistance provided by Mario Burrus, Adam Joseph Nichols, and Cole Souder. Danny Garvin:With Waverly Street coming in there, West Fourth coming in there, Seventh Avenue coming in there, Christopher Street coming in there, there was no way to contain us. The Stonewall riots inspired gay Americans to fight for their rights. Armed with a warrant, police officers entered the club, roughed up patrons, and, finding bootlegged alcohol, arrested 13 people, including employees and people violating the states gender-appropriate clothing statute (female officers would take suspected cross-dressing patrons into the bathroom to check their sex). Dick Leitsch:And so the cops came with these buses, like five buses, and they all were full of tactical police force. Use the following subject browses to find materials on the Stonewall Uprising in the Library of Congress Online Catalog: The first Pride march in New York City was held on June 28, 1970 on the one-year anniversary of the Stonewall Uprising. June 28, 2019 The Stonewall Inn is a sacred place for many in the LGBTQ community. The police weren't letting us dance. People started throwing pennies. 1969: Stonewall Riots. What finally made sense to me was the first time I kissed a woman and I thought, "Oh, this is what it's about." Linton Media Pamela Gaudiano It is important to note that there were a number of uprisings against police & statebrutality, harassment and entrapment of the LGBT+ communities in the U.S.in the years before Stonewall. However, the New York State Liquor Authority penalized and shut down establishments that served alcohol to known or suspected LGBT individuals, arguing that the mere gathering of homosexuals was disorderly.. Mary Queen of the Scotch, Congo Woman, Captain Faggot, Miss Twiggy. JNT2 Hannah Ingraham - Grade: 100%; NY Times Paywall - Case Analysis with questions and their answers. The Laramie Project Cast at The Calhoun School There was all these drags queens and these crazy people and everybody was carrying on. And we had no right to such. It sparked protests, political organization for gays, and gay pride parades. The ones that came close you could see their faces in rage. (Enter your ZIP code for information on American Experience events and screening in your area.). Jerry Hoose:Gay people who had good jobs, who had everything in life to lose, were starting to join in. Though the Stonewall uprising didnt start the gay rights movement, it was a galvanizing force for LGBT political activism, leading to numerous gay rights organizations, including the Gay Liberation Front, Human Rights Campaign, GLAAD (formerly Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation), andPFLAG (formerly Parents, Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays). Geoff Kole There was no going back now, there was no going back, there was no, we had discovered a power that we weren't even aware that we had. It was the third such raid on Greenwich Village gay bars in a short period. Seymour Pine, Deputy Inspector, Morals Division, NYPD:There were no instructions except: put them out of business. You know, all of a sudden, I had brothers and sisters, you know, which I didn't have before. Daniel Pine Aaron Lecklider Journal of American History, Volume 107, Issue 3, December 2020, Pages 794796, https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaaa438 Published: 01 December 2020 PDF Split View Cite I wanted to kill those cops for the anger I had in me. Not even us. Howard Smith, Reporter,The Village Voice:At a certain point, it felt pretty dangerous to me but I noticed that the cop that seemed in charge, he said you know what, we have to go inside for safety. Howard Smith, Reporter,The Village Voice:I had been in some gay bars either for a story or gay friends would say, "Oh we're going to go in for a drink there, come on in, are you too uptight to go in?" Clever. I said, "I can go in with you?" And in a sense the Stonewall riots said, "Get off our backs, deliver on the promise." Martha Shelley:The riot could have been buried, it could have been a few days in the local newspaper and that was that. Danny Garvin:Something snapped. John O'Brien:Cops got hurt. Tommy Lanigan-Schmidt:We would scatter, ka-poom, every which way. On this 50th anniversary of Stonewall, the National Archives pays homage to those who risked their lives protesting for their basic human rights. William Eskridge, Professor of Law:At the peak, as many as 500 people per year were arrested for the crime against nature, and between 3- and 5,000 people per year arrested for various solicitation or loitering crimes. Because the owners were still making a profit, they simply adjusted to the raids, and were often tipped off about them ahead of time.The Stonewall was raided on average once a month leading up to the raid on June 28, 1969 (Martin Duberman,Stonewall p. 187), and had been raided once already that same week. If you came to a place like New York, you at least had the opportunity of connecting with people, and finding people who didn't care that you were gay. And the police escalated their crackdown on bars because of the reelection campaign. They would bang on the trucks. And I said to myself, "Oh my God, this will not last.". They would not always just arrest, they would many times use clubs and beat. Robin Haueter June 28, 1969 marks the beginning of the Stonewall Uprising, a series of events between police and LGBTQ+ protesters which stretched over six days. Please consider donating to SHEG to support our creation of new materials. We were going to propose something that all groups could participate in and what we ended up producing was what's now known as the gay pride march. The New York State Liquor Authority refused to issue liquor licenses to many gay bars, and several popular establishments had licenses suspended or revoked for "indecent conduct.". Fred Sargeant:Someone at this point had apparently gone down to the cigar stand on the corner and got lighter fluid. Seymour Pine, Deputy Inspector, Morals Division, NYPD:And they were, they were kids. All Rights Reserved. Michael Dolan, Technical Advisors Most importantly, this anthology shines a light on forgotten figures who were pivotal in the movement, such as Lee Brewster, head of the Queens Liberation Front and Ernestine Eckstine, one of the few out, African American, lesbian activists in the 1960s. Very sleazy and colorful place I recall seeing boys walking around in silver jockstraps, etc. Marc Steins The Stonewall Riots: A Documentary History is a primary-source collection of the sort that a professor might assign in a class on social movements. I famously used the word "fag" in the lead sentence I said "the forces of faggotry." Seven pages of records were released by the citys Police Department in response to a Freedom of Information Law request. COMM 2081 - Chapter 8; Older groups such as the Mattachine Society, which was founded in southern California as a discussion group for gay men and had flourished in the 1950s, soon made way for more radical groups such as the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) and the Gay Activists Alliance (GAA). You gotta remember, the Stonewall bar was just down the street from there. Frank Kameny It was as if they were identifying a thing. "You could have got us in a lot of trouble, you could have got us closed up." WebLast Friday the privacy of the Stonewall was invaded by police from the First Division. Stonewall riots | Definition, Significance, & Facts | Britannica Barack Obama designated the site of the Stonewall uprising a national monument. A, B, C, & D) Another cause of the Stonewall Riots was the fact that being gay was illegal. On June 24, 1969, the Public Morals squad of Manhattans First Police Division raided the Stonewall Inn. If that didn't work, they would do things like aversive conditioning, you know, show you pornography and then give you an electric shock. Notably, an uncounted number of LGBTQ+ people have died as a result of police raids on gay spaces. And then there were all these priests ranting in church about certain places not to go, so you kind of knew where you could go by what you were told not to do. They call them hotels, motels, lovers' lanes, drive-in movie theaters, etc. Narrator (Archival):This is a nation of laws. A police officer, Charles Holmes, was treated at St. Vincents Hospital after being bitten on the right wrist by a rioter. Raymond Castro:New York City subways, parks, public bathrooms, you name it. You know, we wanted to be part of the mainstream society. For a comprehensive list of which homophile groups contributed financially to the first Pride, researchers can reference the Christopher Street Liberation Day Committee Bulletin and Reports External. It is not comprehensive or complete; please send recommendations for additional primary sources by email tomarcs@sfsu.edu. Police raids and harassment were a common occurrence across the U.S. during this time, and amid the growing political activism of the 1960s,LGBTQ+ people began to mobilize and fight back. John DiGiacomo A History of Gay Rights in America. So in every gay pride parade every year, Stonewall lives. In 1966, three years before Stonewall, members of The Mattachine Society, an organization dedicated to gay rights, staged a sip-in where they openly declared their sexuality at taverns, daring staff to turn them away and suing establishments who did. Giles Kotcher Diana Davies Photographs, Manuscripts and Archives Division, The New York Public Library, Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. This is one thing that if you don't get caught by us, you'll be caught by yourself. Milestones in the American Gay Rights Movement. Somehow being gay was the most terrible thing you could possibly be. The Stonewall Riots marked the beginning of the gay liberation movement that has transformed the oppression of gays and lesbians into calls for pride and action. It provides references for primary documents related to the materials reprinted inThe Stonewall Riots; most of the sources come from newspapers, magazines, and newsletters. In the last three weeks five gay bars in the Village area that I know of have been hit by the police (The Summer of Gay Power and the Village Voice Exposed, COME OUT, 1969). But we couldn't hold out very long. WebJune 28, 1969, Greenwich Village: The New York City Police Department, fueled by bigoted liquor licensing practices and an omnipresent backdrop of homophobia and transphobia, raided the Stonewall Inn, a neighborhood gay bar, in the middle of the night. There was at least one gay bar that was run just as a hustler bar for straight gay married men. But instead of responding with the routine compliance the NYPD expected, In 1999 the U.S. National Park Service placed the Stonewall Inn on the National Register of Historic Places, and in 2016 Pres. Acceptance and respect from the establishment were no longer being humbly requested but angrily and righteously demanded. Virginia Apuzzo:What we felt in isolation was a growing sense of outrage and fury particularly because we looked around and saw so many avenues of rebellion. Never, never, never. I say, I cannot tell this without tearing up. The New York Times / Redux Pictures At least if you had press, maybe your head wouldn't get busted. Raymond Castro:We were in the back of the room, and the lights went on, so everybody stopped what they were doing, because now the police started coming in, raiding the bar. I made friends that first day. It was a 100% profit, I mean they were stealing the liquor, then watering it down, and they charging twice as much as they charged one door away at the 55. It was large and relatively cheap to enter. happily back in New York City, and I still pray for those who are brave enough to continue the quest for Equality. Thank you, New York Times for bringing this ongoing struggle by so many a gay-history Web site run by the Center for Lesbian and Gay Studies at the City University of New York Graduate Center. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Yvonne Ritter:And then everybody started to throw pennies like, you know, this is what they were, they were nothing but copper, coppers, that's what they were worth. Getting then in the car, rocking them back and forth. WebHIS 100 Module Four Activity Template: Historical Narratives Xavier Bethea Locate an additional secondary source relevant to your historical event. Corrections? If there had been a riot of that proportion in Harlem, my God, you know, there'd have been cameras everywhere. By 1969, the Stonewall Inn (now a national monument) was one of the most popular gay bars in New York City.Throughout the state, homosexuality was considered a criminal offense, and it would take over a decade of organizing before "same-sex relationships" were legalized in 1980 (New York v. Onofre). How do you think that would affect him mentally, for the rest of their lives if they saw an act like that being? It must have been terrifying for them. The reference to these events as riots was initially used by police to justify their use of force. And when you got a word, the word was homosexuality and you looked it up. Fred Sargeant:The effect of the Stonewall riot was to change the direction of the gay movement. It was done in our little street talk. an independent scholar and director of OutHistory.org, with help from David Carter, the author of Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution Tires were slashed on police cars and it just went on all night long. At the E.R.C.H.O Conference in November 1969, the 13 homophile organizations in attendance voted to pass a resolution to organize a National annual demonstration, to be called Christopher Street Liberation Day. This 1955 educational film warns of homosexuality, calling it "a sickness of the mind.". The Stonewall Riots : A Documentary History edited by Marc Stein provides Paper, $35.00.) Seymour Pine, Deputy Inspector, Morals Division, NYPD:We told this to our men. Do you want them to lose all chance of a normal, happy, married life? The Stonewall Inn opened its doors as a gay bar in 1967 in Greenwich Village, Sophie Cabott Black Lucian Truscott, IV, Reporter,The Village Voice:A rather tough lesbian was busted in the bar and when she came out of the bar she was fighting the cops and trying to get away. He was later sued by the police officer, Gilbert Weisman, for assault, and had to pay a fine.
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