The proposed union was being discussed by a joint Scandinavian committee during the winter of 19481949, but the Cold War tension between the United States and the Soviet Union, and preparations for a western alliance that would result in the North Atlantic Treaty overshadowed the effort. Olaf Tryggvason started the destruction of pagan cult sites in the late 10th century, but only Olaf Haraldsson achieved the official adaption of Christianity in the 1020s. The Viking predecessorspirates who preyed on merchant ships in the Baltic Seawould use this knowledge to expand their fortune-seeking activities into the North Sea and beyond. Norway and Denmark subsequently became signatory parties of the North Atlantic Treaty and members of NATO. and the final expansion towards the late Weichselian maximum took place after . The mid-10th-century reign of Harald Bluetooth as king of a newly unified, powerful and Christianized Denmark marked the beginning of a second Viking age. [18], The existence of Ivar Vidfamne and his dynasty, at least in the way described in the sagas, is considered highly unlikely in modern scholarship. [27] Denmark-Norway tried to remain neutral but became involved in the conflict after British demands to turn over the navy. As the ice receded, reindeer grazed on the flat lands of Denmark and southernmost Sweden. A brief Swedish civil war ensued in 1066 primarily reflecting the divisions between practitioners of indigenous religions and advocates of Christianity; by the mid-twelfth century, the Christian faction appeared to have triumphed; the once resistant center of Uppsala became the seat of the Swedish Archbishop in 1164. The Thirty Years' War was a conflict fought between the years 1618 and 1648, principally in the Central European territory of the Holy Roman Empire but also involving most of the major continental powers. In 1976 King Carl Gustaf married the German-Brazilian Silvia . Understanding Danish Vikings. Though the stories of some of the kings may be embellished tales of local rulers or chiefs that actually existed. The countries had given up their sovereignty but not their independence, and diverging interests (especially Swedish dissatisfaction over the Danish and Holsteinish dominance) gave rise to a conflict that would hamper it from the 1430s until its final dissolution in 1523.[24]. Battles were short and decisively won by the Swedes. Nevertheless, there was a hostile relationship, with an occupation force of almost one German for every ten Norwegians. The only sources that mention Ivar are Icelandic sagas from centuries after his death. The construction of a railway connecting southern Sweden and the northern mines was of primary importance. When King Charles the Bald began defending West Frankia more energetically in 862, fortifying towns, abbeys, rivers and coastal areas, Viking forces began to concentrate more on England than Frankia. Denmark called up much of its military, but Germany still violated Danish sovereignty to some extent, for example by mining the resund. Some valleys close to the watershed were indeed ice-free around 30 000 years B.P. The Danish East India Company operated out of Tranquebar. Denmark and Norway were also unlike in their cooperation with Germany's genocidal policy. The Danes and then Swedes intervened at various points to protect their interests. On these stones, it is Harald Bluetooth who is recorded as being the first King of Norway - as well as Denmark. Great ships made for rowing have been found from the 4th century in Nydam mosse in Schleswig. They subsisted by hunting, fishing and gathering. The Protestant Reformation came to Scandinavia in the 1530s, and Scandinavia soon became one of the heartlands of Lutheranism. Following growing dissatisfaction with the union in Norway, the parliament unanimously declared its dissolution on 7 June 1905. From around A.D. 800 to the 11th century, a vast number of Scandinavians left their homelands to seek their fortunes elsewhere. Through the 5th century and 6th century, gold and silver became more common. By that time, all of the Scandinavian kingdoms were Christian, and what remained of Viking culture was being absorbed into the culture of Christian Europe. Thank you for visiting Scandinavia Facts. "The Scandinavian currency union 18751914." In the 7th millennium BC, when the reindeer and their hunters had moved for northern Scandinavia, forests had been established in the land. They granted the Jews that escaped from Denmark asylum and gave notable aid to Finland during the Winter War. [21] The process of Christianization began in Norway during the reigns of Olaf Tryggvason (reigned 995 ADc.1000 AD) and Olaf II Haraldsson (reigned 1015 AD1030 AD). However, new analyses revealed that the woman was a Slav from present-day Poland. Denmark: Queen Margrethe II is the first female monarch to reign in Denmark since her name sake, Margrethe I, who was credited for uniting the three Scandinavian countries within the Kalmar Union in the 1400s. Norway remains outside the European Union to this day after referendums on membership in 1972 and 1994, although it is a signatory of the Schengen treaty and a member of the European Economic Area. One important collection that exists, however, is a widespread and rich collection of stone drawings known as petroglyphs. Mycenaean Greece, the Villanovan Culture, Phoenicia and Ancient Egypt have all been identified as possible sources of influence in Scandinavian artwork from this period. The Kirk Douglas . hgin, Dith. Ynglinga saga appears to have been based on an earlier scaldic poem, Ynglingatal, which is quoted at length by Snorri. can be found in the traditional lands of the Sami. The Nordic Bronze Age was characterized by a warm climate (which is compared to that of the Mediterranean), which permitted a relatively dense population, but it ended with a climate change consisting of deteriorating, wetter and colder climate (sometimes believed to have given rise to the legend of the Fimbulwinter) and it seems very likely that the climate pushed the Germanic tribes southwards into continental Europe. On 17 May 1814 the Constitution of Norway was signed by the assembly, and Christian Frederik was elected as king of independent Norway. Since he was childless, Sweden chose as his successor the commander in chief of the Norwegian army, Prince Christian August of Augustenborg. In 113101 BC two Germanic tribes originating from Jutland,[4] in modern-day Denmark, attacked the Roman Republic in what is today known as the Cimbrian War. The Kalmar War in 16111613 was the last serious (although possibly unrealistic) attempt by a Danish King (Christian IV) to re-create the Kalmar Union by force. [11] As a historical source, the Ynglinga saga is much better used as a source on historiography and society during Sturluson's own time than as a source on Sweden's early history. For example, Hygelac (500 A.D.) is believed to have historical basis due to his name being attested in Frankish, English, Danish and Icelandic sources. Many Swedish runestones tell tales of Swedish Vikings, such as Skoglar Toste and Ulf of Borresta, who left for glory and Gld (ransom money) in England.Ulf of Borresta is memorized on a runsetone in Sweden, commemorating that Ulf had taken three danegelds in England; with Skagul Toste in 991, with Thorkel the High in 1012, and with Canute the Great . No written language existed in the Nordic countries during the Bronze Age. Adam of Bremen instead gives a more linear succession of Eric and Eric, followed by Halsten, Anund Grdske and then Hkan the Red. For all these reasons, Denmark was able to retain their parliament, king, and much of their normal domestic function. Over time they built up their area until they ruled most of the modern-day region of Normandy. Today, signs of the Viking legacy can be found mostly in the Scandinavian origins of some vocabulary and place-names in the areas in which they settled, including northern England, Scotland and Russia. After the battle of Leipzig in October 1813, Bernadotte abandoned the pursuit of Napoleon and marched against Denmark, where he forced the king of Denmark-Norway to conclude the Treaty of Kiel on 14 January 1814. [4] The earliest legendary dynasty, the Ynglings, may be an entirely invented sequence of kings, serving to justify and legitimize the later dynasties and rulers in Scandinavia who claimed descent from them. Fauna included aurochs, wisent, moose and red deer. The Vikings were great shipbuilders and explorers. The war with Britain was fought at sea in a series of battles, Battle of Zealand Point, Battle of Lyngr, and Battle of Anholt, by the remnants of the Danish fleet in the ensuing years, as the Danes tried to break the British blockade, in what became known as the Gunboat War. Sweden. [1] The modern Swedish monarchy considers Eric the Victorious to have been the first King of Sweden. The Swedish army was superior in numbers, was better equipped and trained, and was led by one of Napoleon's foremost generals, the newly elected Swedish crown prince, Jean Baptiste Bernadotte. A few years later (c. 831) the archbishopric of Hamburg was established and became at once the center for missionary work in the north. The Nordic Bronze Age ended with a deteriorating, colder and wetter climate. The Vikings' rule would eventually come to encompass the majority of Scandinavia, and they would participate in massive amounts of trading and exploration, which helped build connective routes around the world.Denmark, and the rest of Scandinavia, was Christianized by the 11th century, though missionaries were present long before that. These Pitted Ware tribes halted the advance of the farmers and pushed them south into southwestern Sweden, but some say that the farmers were not killed or chased away, but that they voluntarily joined the Pitted Ware culture and became part of them. He succeeded his grandfather, King Gustaf VI Adolf, since his own father, Prince Gustaf Adolf, had died in a plane crash in 1947, when Carl Gustaf was less than a year old. He invaded England and Ethelred fled to France. Bernadotte was originally one of Napoleon's eighteen Marshals. From around A.D. 800 to the 11th century, a vast number of Scandinavians left their homelands to seek their fortunes elsewhere. [4] Modern scholarship does not see sagas such as the Ynglinga saga as good sources for genuine historical information. Swedish settlers were mostly present in Rus, Livonia, and other eastern regions while the Norwegians and the Danish were primarily concentrated in western and northern Europe[citation needed] . In the Viking Age and later, Danish rulers repeatedly attempted to conquer Norway and through inventing a lineage that stretched back centuries, the Norwegian rulers may have attempted to demonstrate their inherent right to their lands and to put themselves on the same level as the Danes, who had historical accounts of their ancestors. The first mention of a King of Norway - as a unified entity - is found upon the Jelling Stones, which were carved runestones from the 10th century in Denmark. Jacobsen designed every little detail of the hotel, from the signature spiral staircase in the lobby to the iconic egg chairs. Eric the Victorious was the first Viking king of Sweden. These pagan Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish warriors were probably prompted to undertake their raids by a combination of factors ranging from overpopulation at . No more Danish attempts would be made to re-create the Kalmar Union following this war. It is possible that the saga preserves a grain of the truth, perhaps being an embellishment of vague memories of an ancient warrior king, but most of what is said of Ivar Vidfamne has to be considered legendary and fictional. These early peoples followed cultural traditions similar to those practised throughout other regions in the far north areas including modern Finland, Russia, and across the Bering Strait into the northernmost strip of North America. Derry, T.K. The Goi-chieftain orgeirr Ljsvetningagoi was instrumental in bringing this about. Their common groundand what made them different from the European peoples they confrontedwas that they came from a foreign land, they were not civilized in the local understanding of the word andmost importantlythey were not Christian. This came about partially because of the domination of the social-democrats in Sweden and Denmark, and the Labour party in Norway. . The period succeeding the fall of the Roman Empire is known as the Germanic Iron Age, and it is divided into the early Germanic Iron and the late Germanic Iron Age, which in Sweden is known as the Vendel Age, with rich burials in the basin of Lake Mlaren. The union provided fixed exchange rates and stability in monetary terms, but the member countries continued to issue their own separate currencies. After the war, all of the Scandinavian countries agreed that some form of mutual defense policy was necessary. Viking armies (mostly Danish) conquered East Anglia and Northumberland and dismantled Mercia, while in 871 King Alfred the Great of Wessex became the only king to decisively defeat a Danish army in England. [10] The Sami are counted among the Arctic peoples and are members of circumpolar groups such as the Arctic Council Indigenous Peoples' Secretariat.[11]. The Bishop of Winchester later confirmed him. The Swedish Ynglings might have been invented to glorify the Norwegian kings further, giving them a glorious and mythical past associated with Uppsala. [5][6][7], Since prehistoric times,[8][9] the Sami people of Arctic Europe have lived and worked in an area that stretches over the northern parts of the regions now known as Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the Russian Kola Peninsula. Christian IV had profited greatly from his policies in northern Germany (Hamburg had been forced to accept Danish sovereignty in 1621, and in 1623 the Danish heir apparent was made Administrator of the Prince-Bishopric of Verden. Some within Ferdinand II's court believed that Wallenstein wanted to take control of the German princes and thus gain influence over the emperor. This new people advanced up to Uppland and the Oslofjord, and they probably provided the language that was the ancestor of the modern Scandinavian languages. For the first time in 900 years, kings and queens from around the world are going to a British coronation. In 1016, Cnut became king of England, and after further campaigns in Scandinavia he could claim in 1027 to be 'king of the whole of England and Denmark and Norway and of parts of Sweden'.. From this period there are many mounds and fields of petroglyphs, but their signification is long since lost. An accomplished writer, Brahe also composed outstanding poetry in Latin. Industrialization began in the mid 19th century in Scandinavia. Christian IV invaded at the head of a mercenary army of 20,000 men, but the Danish forces were severely beaten, and Christian IV had to sign an ignominious defeat, the first in a series of military setbacks to weaken his kingdom. Sturluson would have had access to older (now lost) manuscripts when writing the Ynglinga saga, but this does not necessarily corroborate anything that appears in the Ynglinga saga as true. Also like Christian IV, Gustavus Adolphus was subsidized by Richelieu, the Chief Minister of King Louis XIII of France, and by the Dutch. Photo: Hugo Burnand. The bombardment of Copenhagen led to an alliance with France and outright war with Britain, whose navy blockaded Denmark-Norway and severely impeded communication between the two kingdoms and caused a famine in Norway. The inept government of King Gustav IV Adolf led to his deposition and banishment. More than 96% of the Jewish population was boated to safety in Sweden, while others found refuge with Christian Danish families and organizations. The Cimbri and the Teutons were eventually defeated by the Roman legions. The culpritsprobably Norwegians who sailed directly across the North Seadid not destroy the monastery completely, but the attack shook the European religious world to its core. The Kalmar Union (Danish/Norwegian/Swedish: Kalmarunionen) was a series of personal unions (13971520) that united the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden under a single monarch. Rollo, or Rolf, was a Viking who became the first ruler of Normandy in Northern France. However, The Kalmar War ended with a minor Danish victory and not the total defeat of the Swedes. The inglorious deaths of many of the Swedish Ynglings; with examples such as murder, burning to death, drowning in mead and being "hag-ridden" to death,[15] might be an attempt by Sturluson to say that the kings who ruled Norway in his time and claimed Yngling descent were not to be taken seriously. Norway, which was in union with Sweden entered the union two years later, in 1875 by pegging its currency to gold at the same level as Denmark and Sweden (.403grams [2]). Many of the elements of the Ynglinga saga appear to be based on later, documented, events and people in Scandinavia. Ahead of the coronation, Buckingham Palace has unveiled new portraits of King Charles III and Queen Camilla in the Blue Drawing Room at the royal residence . Eric the Victorious was the first ruler to be accepted by the Greats around Lake Vattern and the original Swedes around Lake Malaren. They were cattle herders, and with them most of southern Scandinavia entered the Neolithic. Besides, he was a monarch in 970. [9] The Yngling dynasty is sometimes referred to as the "Royal House of Uppsala" in later scholarship.[10]. Some objects appeared for the first time, such as shears and pawns. Sweden decided to join the alliance against France in 1813 and was promised Norway as a reward. The early Germanic Iron Age decorations show animals that are rather faithful anatomically, but in the late Germanic Iron Age they evolve into intricate shapes with interlacing and interwoven limbs that are well known from the Viking Age. About 10-15 years later, Erikson would go on to lead an . Several other wars followed soon after including the Northern Wars and the Scanian War. These repressive measures ensured that the cooperation was small. Denmark was still willing to enter into an alliance with Sweden, but the Swedes saw few advantages in this and the proposal fell. St. Olaf III "Skotkonung", King of Sweden (995-1022) ( Old Norse : lfr skautkonungr) sometimes stylized as . When it became known that the western alliance would not be able to supply the Scandinavian countries with armaments before meeting their own pressing needs, this issue ultimately proved to be the turning point for Norway, which resigned from the talks. By 10 June 1940, Norway's official military had surrendered to the attackers, while King Haakon VII and his legal government fled to exile in Britain. The centralization of power under one monarch is believed to have resulted from, or at the very least have been connected to, Viking expansion, with petty kings increasing their power through aggressive military ventures directed both to foreign lands (i. e. Viking raids) and against their neighbors. These eastern-traveling Scandinavian migrants were eventually known as Varangians (vringjar, meaning "sworn men"),and according to the oldest Slavic sources[citation needed] , these varangians founded Kievan Rus, the major East European state prior to the Mongol invasions. As an administrator, Christian IV had done remarkably well, obtaining for his kingdom a level of stability and wealth that was virtually unmatched elsewhere in Europe, paid for by the resund toll and extensive war reparations from Sweden. Norway's conversion from the Norse religion to Christianity was mostly the result of English missionaries. [2], In medieval Swedish lists of kings, the figure generally represented as the first king of Sweden is Olof Sktkonung,[3] the first Christian king of Sweden and the first Swedish king to mint coins. Catholicism almost completely vanished in Scandinavia, except for a small population in Denmark.[25]. Norway was ceded to the king of Sweden, but Denmark retained the Norwegian Atlantic possessions of the Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland. Approximately 200 burial sites have been investigated in the region from this period of 3,000 years.[2]. 1. Adolf Frederick or Adolph Frederick was the son of Christian August of Holstein-Gottorp, Prince of Eutin, and Albertina Frederica of Baden-Durlach. The main wave of Scandinavian emigration occurred in the 1860s lasting until the 1880s, although substantial emigration continued until the 1930s. Both East India Companies folded over the course of the Napoleonic Wars. By formulating a law that made Christianity the official religion, but also that religious practice in the private sphere was outside of the law, he managed to stave off the threat from Norway, limiting the feuds and avoiding an religiously motivated civil war.[23]. Rise to power. Before long other Vikings realized that Frankish rulers were willing to pay them rich sums to prevent them from attacking their subjects, making Frankia an irresistible target for further Viking activity. The transmission of metallurgy to southern Scandinavia coincided with the introduction of long barrows, causewayed enclosures, two-aisled houses, and certain types of artefacts, and seems to have enabled the establishment of a fully Neolithic society.[3]. [17], If some of the Ynglings were real historical figures, they would have ruled during the Migration Period (c. 375550) and the subsequent Vendel Period (c. 550790), predating the Viking Age. Denmark was the most easily transformed, as the Viking raids slowly introduced the religion through the Christian wives and slaves brought back as war prizes. According to the Old Norse language history of the Viking Age known as the Heimskringla, Harald Bluetooth (ruled c. 958-986) was the first Christian King of Denmark. It is not known what language these early Scandinavians spoke, but towards the end of the 3rd millennium BC, they were overrun by new tribes who many scholars think spoke Proto-Indo-European, the Battle-Axe culture. Christianity in Scandinavia came later than most parts of Europe. Coastal areas were ice-free several times between 75 000 and 30 000 years B.P. The Swedish intervention began in 1630 and lasted until 1635. Though a majority of the kings from Olof Sktkonung onwards appear in the Icelandic sources with the same name and overall chronology, the Icelandic sources also contain the figure Blot-Sweyn, who is only present in some of the Swedish sources (and notably absent in Vstgtalagen, an important early Swedish legal document) and a king by the name Kol or Erik rsll, completely absent in the Swedish sources. Olaf II managed to bring English clergy to his country. Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, Marshal of France, would be named the next king. Several petroglyphs depict ships which could possibly be Mediterranean. After Knuts death, his two sons succeeded him, but both were dead by 1042 and Edward the Confessor, son of the previous (non-Danish) king, returned from exile and regained the English throne from the Danes. Labor unions could only exist if they accepted Nazi control. In the Caribbean, Denmark started a colony on St Thomas in 1671, St John in 1718, and purchased Saint Croix from France in 1733. The Christianization of Scandinavia occurred nearly simultaneously with the end of the Viking era. Historia de omnibus Gothorum Sueonumque regibus, http://blog.svd.se/historia/2011/10/13/varfor-jag-inte-tror-pa-sagokungar/, "Concerning Mass Graves: the Use, Development and Identities Within Mass Graves During the Scandinavian Iron Age and Middle Ages", "Kungalngder och historieskrivning: Fornsvenska och fornislndska kllor om Sveriges historia", "De ldsta sveakungarna enligt Ynglingasagan", "Kings and Queens of Sweden A thousand year succession", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_legendary_kings_of_Sweden&oldid=1135221997, This page was last edited on 23 January 2023, at 10:58. In the first half of the 10th century, English armies led by the descendants of Alfred of Wessex began reconquering Scandinavian areas of England; the last Scandinavian king, Erik Bloodaxe, was expelled and killed around 952, permanently uniting English into one kingdom. Take a look at all the royals attending King Charles' big day. Rollo, also called Rolf or Rou, French Rollon, Old Norse Hrlfr, (born c. 860died c. 932), Scandinavian rover who founded the duchy of Normandy. Even though Scandinavians joined the European Bronze Age cultures fairly late through trade, Scandinavian sites present rich and well-preserved objects made of wool, wood and imported Central European bronze and gold. According to later Scandinavian sagas, Rollo, making himself independent of King Harald I of Norway, sailed off to raid Scotland, England, Flanders, and France on pirating expeditions. As a result of the adoption of Christianity by the monarchy and eventually the entirety of the country, traditional shamanistic practices were marginalized and eventually persecuted. His position as the father of Njrr should not be seen as certain. The first "king of Norway" in that sense was Hkon Aalsteinsfostri ("Hakon the Foster-son of Athalstein"), who ruled from about 935 to 960. In most sources Yngvi is presented as the same figure as Freyr, the son of Njrr. Who is the first King of Scandinavia? and the final expansion towards the late Weichselian maximum took place after 28 000 years B.P. Cnut was a strong ruler and England became . Royal Hotel, Denmark. King Gylfi was the first king of Scandinavia and was known to have used the name Gangleri when trying to hide his identity on many occasions.
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