conditions in which authoritarian states emerged

Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda. Using the terms fascism and Nazism interchangeably is incorrect because they are not synonyms. Germany has awakened! Exploiting widespread fears of a communist uprising, they blamed Communists for the fire, and declared emergency rule. 80-81 - What threat did the US pose to this 'new' Cuba? Organized into collective action by the state, young people supplied political energy to Fascism in Italy and elsewhere. The EU is an important trading partner for China as it reboots its economy after three years of zero-Covid. Finally, issues with political legitimacy have also hurt some authoritarians pandemic policies. Fascists portrayed the war as Italy's "civilizing mission" or the need for "military security". Battle for Grain: Success (grow more cereal to cut back on foreign imports) In Weimar Germany they thrived' - Condon On November 21, "squads" of Blackshirts launched an attack on the Socialists in Bologna. (Nov 09), Unpopular rulers or governments, and their overthrow, were responsible for the formation of the majority of twentieth century single-party states. To what extent do you agree with this assertion? Numerous nondemocracies, from Russia and Iran to Venezuela and Togo, have been rocked by significant protests. There, tensions over pay and work conditions had put landowning farmers in conflict with Socialist-backed workers. Furthermore, Mussolini brought discipline to the party and aligned it more uniformly with the aims of the state. . (Nov 06), To what extent was the rise to power of either Hitler or Mao due to personal appeal and ability? that a minimum of three authoritarian states should be studied. Another million were sent to prisons called Gulags. No party was able to win a clear majority, and without political consensus, successive governments could not effectively govern the nation. We have won power in Germany. In the Reichstag (parliament) elections of May 2, 1928, the Nazis received only 2.6 percent of the national vote, a proportionate decline from 1924, when the Nazis received 3 percent . The modern Italian soldier on the stamp is dressed like a Roman legionnaire. irreconcilable disparities that were rooted in the different political conditions and traditions of each country. Even Russian President Vladimir Putin, the prototypical authoritarian strongman, displayed striking avoidance behavioror perhaps apathyby moving to his countryside residence outside Moscow after the virus arrived in Russia, leaving his subordinates to convey negative news to the public. The skim should be very quick and give you the gist (general idea) of what the article is about. In Eritrea, President Isaias Afwerki did not speak to the country from mid-February through mid-April. In 1932, ninety-nine people were killed in the streets in one month. France and the three Baltic states of Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia were among the member states on Monday to summon Chinas envoys to account for the comments made late last week by Lu Shaye, which sparked a wave of outrage across Europe. Lithuanias foreign minister, Gabrielius Landsbergis, said the diplomats would be asked to explain if Chinas position has changed and reminded were not post-Soviet countries but countries that were illegally occupied by the Soviet Union. 95 - Outline why the Rectification Campaign of 1986 was launched, and what were the results'. Although Chinese citizens mobilized to respond to the pandemic by using social media to procure scarce protective gear or find open hospital beds, the Chinese Communist Partys long-standing distrust of civil society has hindered potential collaboration between government officials and volunteers. (Nov 2010), Evaluate the successes and failures of one ruler of a single-party state (May 2007, 2005), In what ways, and with what results, was propaganda used byoneruler of a single-party state? 100 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW The French foreign ministry said Lu would be given a stern rebuke, Germany said Beijing must clarify its stance, and the Czech foreign minister, Jan Lipavsk, described the remarks as totally unacceptable. Use tab to navigate through the menu items. leader contribute to the rise to power of that leader. He served only a short jail sentence, and after the ban was lifted on his National Socialist Party, Hitler and his followers rejoined the battle in the streets and in the countryside. INTRODUCTION. The skim should be very quick and give you the gist (general idea) of what the article is about. Lu Shaye, Chinas ambassador to France, said independent states that emerged from the collapse of the Soviet Union lacked actual status in international law. Although not really fascist, these governments were heavily influenced by military and industrial leaders because both sectors wanted Japan to take over territories in Asia. In late December 2019, for instance, Chinese authorities silenced and reprimanded Li Wenliang, a Wuhan Central Hospital doctor who warned of the initial outbreak. Stalin was obsessively focused on getting rid of enemies. Despite Nazi terror and brutal suppression of their opponents, many German citizens willingly accepted or actively supported these extreme measures in favor of order and security. We call these characteristics fascism, authoritarianism, and totalitarianism. Mussolini's war against Ethiopia in 1935 brought race into focus as a Fascist concern. - MORE PEOPLE BIGGER ITALY TEXT ON SCREEN: How was Stalin similar to and different from Hitler and Mussolini? I dont see them either. In Tanzania, which has not published nationwide figures relating to the coronavirus since May 8, President John Magufuli insisted that the country had defeated the virus through prayer. Aftermath of World War I and the Rise of Nazism, 1918-1933, NARRATOR: The leaders of Tajikistan and Turkmenistan both responded to the arrival of the virus by outright denying its presence in their countries. Sexual norms were in flux. The Fascists learned that paramilitary violence was an effective political tool. It declared a state policy of overt discrimination against Africans, Arabs, and Jews. Unpopular or tyrannical governments. They work together. Crises states are induced by: War, including the aftermath of war. Yet many authoritarians instead misuse subnational governance as a flak jacketa shield for deflecting responsibility and criticism more than for solving governance challenges. The conservative politicians in the new Cabinet didnt like or trust Hitler, but they liked democracy even less, and they saw the leftist parties as a bigger threat. The major conditions that led to an authoritarian state were treaties that were signed in the 20 th century. Taking advantage of new modes and media that emerged in the early twentieth century, these . 94-5 - What economic problems did Cuba face? In a complex, changing, and increasingly contested world, the Carnegie Endowment generates strategic ideas and independent analysis, supports diplomacy, and trains the next generation of international scholar-practitioners to help countries and institutions take on the most difficult global problems and safeguard peace. Real estate prices soared to $12 a metre to $200 in 1941-57. Beginning in 1925, Mussolini tried to strengthen the party and expand its reach. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system; Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force . (May 10 TZ2), In what ways, and to what extent, was propaganda important in the rise and rule of Hitler? Totalitarianism, authoritarianism, and fascism are all forms of government characterized by a strong central rule that attempts to control and direct all aspects of individual life through coercion and repression. Antisemitism (discrimination against Jews) defined Nazism in Germany, but that was not exactly the case with Italian Fascism, at least before 1938. The democratic elections of Weimar Germany were idealistic, as they allowed representation of a wide cross-section of society in the Government. The early deterioration of the post-colonial African state into personalized and authoritarian rule in this manner mirrored the concerns that anchor refugee law in the first place as a special regime for persons who have well-grounded fear of persecution by reason of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or . 94-5. In 1949-58, 75% of all imports came from the USA; 65% of all exports went to the USA. He is currently working on a dissertation about missionaries, theology, and empire in the 18th and 19th centuries. Asked if China stood behind the envoys remarks, the foreign ministrys spokesperson Mao Ning said China had been one of the first countries to establish diplomatic relations with former Soviet states. 85-86 - What challenges did he face in 1959 and how did he overcome them in the years that followed? Compare and contrast the importance of propaganda to the emergence of two authoritarian states. Crime was on the rise. - DEPENDANT GERMANY Italy became increasingly more dependant on Nazi Germany --> Germany supported when League of Nations tried to oppose their aggression authoritarianism, in politics and government, the blind submission to authority and the repression of individual freedom of thought and action. There were no bureaucrats to rein in the Fascists. Thomas Carothers is senior vice president for studies and the Harvey V. Fineberg Chair for Democracy Studies at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Fascist squads racked up wins as they marched through the provinces crushing socialists, intimidating liberals, and deposing agents of the state. Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the use of force; propaganda, Ideology, Role of Leaders, Use of Force, Persuasion, Propaganda, RAS- local fascist leaders in charge of action squads, -M deployed squadristi (paramilitary of the PNF led by ras) to, -M renounced atheism to appeal to Catholic Church, -Opera Nazionale Dopolavoro (OND): recreational club for adults. But it is likely to contribute to the significant authoritarian shakiness that has made itself felt over the past decade. The theoretical framework of this study on democratic and authoritarian post-colonial states is based on an historical study of the emergence of the dominant class forces that shaped the types of regimes found in Malaysia and Indonesia. They were confident they could control Hitler. The projection of national power overseas resonated with many Italians. Now that youve skimmed the article, you should preview the questions you will be answering. Photo of the fascist military forces known as the Blackshirts marching down an Italian street in Parma. 95-6. - What solutions were implemented? Economic Crisis. -took over various unprofitable industries on behalf of the state, -youth groups feuded While downplaying more extreme goals, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party offered simple solutions to Germanys problems, exploiting peoples fears, frustrations, and hopes to win broad support. Citizens faced poor economic conditions, skyrocketing unemployment, political instability, and profound social change. Dont assume western democracy will last forever, Ukraine ammunition depot reportedly hit in wave of Russian missile attacks. His research focuses on modern Europe with an emphasis on Germany and Britain from 1789 to 1918. Compare and contrast the conditions that led to the rise to power of two authoritarian/single-party leaders. Yet many other authoritarian or authoritarian-leaning leaders have shown startling weakness in facing the pandemic, falling back on deeply ingrained habits of lying to deny inconvenient facts, spin conspiracy theories, and create alternative realities. This fascination with some of the darkest aspects of our shared past has meant that there is a huge wealth of material written about . You should be looking at the title, author, headings, pictures, and opening sentences of paragraphs for the gist. Landsbergis tweeted: If anyone is still wondering why the Baltic states dont trust China to broker peace in Ukraine, heres a Chinese ambassador arguing that Crimea is Russian and our countries borders have no legal basis.. Certainly, Mussolini and the Fascists saw ethnic minorities as impediments to the creation of a purely Italian state. Everything seemed to be falling into place for a Fascist revolution. These questions will help you get a better understanding of the concepts and arguments that are presented in the article. A third phrase promoting the "chosen leader" view in the contemporary political context is perhaps the most dangerous, and that is the idea of an "end-time judge" who declares what is good . An authoritarian regime focuses on the maintenance of order at the expense of personal freedom. 2016. Direct link to Yagnesh Peddatimmareddy's post mussolini created a dicta, Posted a month ago. In Singapores elections in early July, the main opposition party won more seats than any opposition force has in decades, at least partly due to citizens discontent over the governments pandemic response. Conditions in China before 1911 Until the 19th century, China was a very conservative nation. Despite the cutting-edge manipulative tactics and tricks of many authoritarian regimes, they are not immune from what is perhaps the central political imperative of this century: the steadily rising demands of citizens almost everywhere for capable, effective governance. 'Domestic policy rarely managed to achieve its aims', Discuss how far you agree with this statement with reference to two authoritarian states you have studied, both from different regions. First he attacked the Greek island of Corfu. This unique book weaves together literary works, . The purge created an environment of intense political terror. Due to the forced signing of the treaty, there . Japan already had some colonies, including Korea, but many military and business leaders argued that Japan deserved to rule most of Asia. These questions will help you get a better understanding of the concepts and arguments that are presented in the article. Stalin and his supporters identified their enemies in political and social ways. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system. Step-by-step, Ethiopia became a state governed by a regime without moral or political constraints. It is hollowing out democratic institutions and enhancing the tools of repression in developing countries. Italians convinced themselves that this firepower made them superior to their Ethiopian victims. Key Weaknesses Plaguing Authoritarians. 1779 Massachusetts Avenue NW They reached out to the Nazis to help build a majority in Parliament. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. Charismatic appeal rather than successful domestic policies enabled single-party leaders to maintain power. With reference to Mao, to what extent do you agree with this statement? The independent sovereign nations that emerged after the fall of the former Soviet Union dont have effective status under international law because there is not an international agreement confirming their status as sovereign nations, he said. -Political instability. Finally, the outcome of the campaign affirmed the Fascist view that, at the end of the day, violent struggle led to power. 96. 83 - How did Castro's policies on elections + INRA reflect this shift? How did Japanese leaders justify Japans imperial expansion? Those that have done well may gain enhanced domestic popularity and credibility for their competence, thus reinforcing their hold on power. "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. Photo of young Italian boys wearing Ballilla uniforms. Separately, Chinas envoy to the EU, Fu Cong, said in an interview published on Monday that Beijings cooperation with Europe and other nations was endless, just as its ties with Russia were unlimited. The result was a state that, while authoritarian, was never really totalitarian within the territory of Italy. In January 1933, when the old war hero, President Paul von Hindenburg, invited Hitler to serve as Chancellor in a coalition government, the Nazis could hardly believe their luck. This created famine conditions. -Lateran Treaty: gov recognized papal sovereignty over vatican ( became independent state) POPE recognized italian state That meant they could hinder the Fascist agenda, if they wanted. It got a bad name': the death of the post-Soviet dream, Russia-Ukraine war as it happened: explosion derails Russian train; at least 34 injured after Pavlohrad attack, Myhunting trip with Yeltsin killed off the Soviet Union, UKexpected to stop funding Chinese state-linked Mandarin teaching schools, Russia-Ukraine war at a glance: what we know on day 432 of the invasion, TheSoviet Union collapsed overnight. Communist Party: -Fear of Bolshevik revolution. - abortion and divorce were illegal, -Racism appeared a bit in Romanita movement: 'prestigious race' needed to create and maintain empire Winston Churchill said the war left a crippled, broken world., TEXT ON SCREEN: The state decided who was an enemy quickly, arbitrarily (randomly), and irreversibly. Compare and contrastthe importance ofthe use of force on the emergence of twoauthstates,each from a different region, Evaluate the impact of domestic economic policies on the maintenance of power in two AS, each from a different region. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. How were the Italian, German, Japanese, and Soviet authoritarian efforts in the 1920s and 1930s similar? With a lack of guidance from the top, disorder among the governors ensued, as some officials adopted measures the Kremlin criticized as excessive and others took measures that were deemed insufficient. A new and unfamiliar democratic form of governmentthe Weimar Republicreplaced the authoritarian empire and immediately faced daunting challenges. "The conditions in which authoritarian states emerged were mainly determined by economic factors." Discuss with reference to two authoritarian states. You should be looking at the title, author, headings, pictures, and opening sentences of paragraphs for the gist. To what extent did popular support for the aims and ideology of one . Consolidation and maintenance of power. -continued to have a relationship Many political parties had their own paramilitary units to attack opponents and intimidate voters. Some in this boat have reacted by prematurely lifting initially tough lockdown measures. GOEBBELS [speaking German]: Of course, some democracies have struggled with some or all of these challenges in their pandemic responses. (Nov 10)), Analyse the circumstances that helpedoneright-wing leader to become the ruler of a single-party state. More than one third of all German men aged 19 to 22 were killed. The term "totalitarian" is even credited to, Italian fascism emerged in the economic crisis of the 1920s and 1930s. One senior EU diplomat said the EU needed to do better in handling relations with China and find a unified line. Colonial aggression also contributed to the rise of Italian racism. These youth groups fostered a cult of violent masculinity, expected girls to aspire only to traditional maternal roles, and promoted the authoritarian belief of blind loyalty to the nation. Russia/USSR - Lenin ItalyMussolini GermanyHitler USSRStalin ChinaMao Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system The Italian, German, Japanese, and Soviet authoritarian efforts in the 1920s and 1930s had their differences. We engage geography's longstanding debate on what "counts" as resistance by introducing slow resistance to account for temporal-political strategies against unjust developments, particularly under authoritarian conditions. Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social . However, their solution was "Italianization." Unit Objectives: Authoritarian and Single Party States. (May 05), Compare and contrast the repressive policies of Hitler and Stalin. Effective national public health responses to the pandemic require not just clear, consistent mandates from the top, but integrated approaches in which regional and local authorities can take initiative, adapt responses to local conditions, and report critical information up the line. Of the many fascist states that emerged between the two world wars, Hitler's Germany was the most notoriousbut Mussolini's Italy was the first. In fact, the German military had quietly sought an end to the war it could no longer win in 1918. 100. Currently, a CBI letter dated 11 April 2023 in possession of The Sunday Guardian, shows that the Bureau has called for the production of several documents from various entities on 17 April 2023 with regard to the scheme for the period between 2016 to 2019. Although there was much weakness in the political system of Weimar Germany from 1919-1933, one man stablised all areas of both politics and daily life for Germans, and hence must be considered a key block in the Nazis' rise to power. While downplaying more extreme Nazi goals, they offered simple solutions to Germanys problems, exploiting peoples fears, frustrations, and hopes. Adolf Hitler had been undisputed leader of the National Socialist German Workers Partyknown as Nazissince 1921. If two examples are required these will need to be from different regions. Such movements were a common feature of interwar fascism. Authoritarian states (20th century) Emergence of authoritarian states Conditions in which authoritarian states emerged: economic factors; social division; impact of war; weakness of political system Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion; the role of leaders; ideology; the Sexual norms were in flux. The Chinese embassy in Paris issued a formal statement saying Lus comments were not a policy declaration but the expression of personal viewpoints during a television interview. Discuss with reference to two authoritarian leaders. There are still "meaningful democratic institutions" (Levitsky and Way 2010a, 20) within these erstwhile authoritarian regimes.8 What They would destroy their political opponents and, under Mussolinis leadership, create a totalitarian state. The de-regulation of financial capital threatens to bring us back to capitalist authoritarianism that flourished in the 1920s and 1930s. This had important consequences, because colonial policy in Ethiopia provided the basis for Italy's antisemitic race laws in 1938. After initial success in containing the virus, Singapore was struck by subsequent outbreaks among its population of migrant workers. Summarise how Castro established control, and how he dealt with external and internal enemies 'Maintenance of power was reliant upon the silencing of opposition". First he attacked the Greek island of Corfu. The mixed record of authoritarians responses to the coronavirus undercuts any simple conclusion that the pandemic will bolster authoritarianism globally over the long term. Four key weaknesses are manifest. Mistake #2: Using The Terms Interchangeably. But on the whole, these tendencies have been much less marked among democracies compared to autocracies. These laws defined who had "German" blood and who did not. She has taught at Sonoma State University and Stanford. Create a potted biography of an authoritarian state identified in the article. Authoritarian State (Castro) Emergence of Authoritarian States Conditions in which the authoritarian state emerged (Economic-Social Division-Impact of War-Weakness of Political System) Conditions Economic Factors: o In the 19th Century, Cuba's economy entirely depended on the exportation of slave produced goods and trade with the U.S o U.S companies owned many Cuban plantations

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