Explanation: Hindsight bias: In psychology, the term hindsight bias refers to the tendency of a person to overestimate his or her ability to predict a particular outcome that couldn't perhaps have been predicted. People often believe that after an event has occurred, they would have predicted or perhaps even would have known with a high degree of certainty what the outcome of the event would . Children in the jigsaw classrooms benefited in several areas. Conformity is adjusting your opinions, judgments, or behavior so that it matches the opinions, judgments, or behavior of other people, or the norms of a social group or situation. Suppose the central bank conducts an unusually large open market purchase of bonds held by banks of$1400 billion due to a sharp contraction in the economy. Finally, feelings of attraction can be influenced by the socioeconomic and cultural environment. Hindsight bias is the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome. Factors that influence the likelihood of helping behavior: (1) The "feel good, do good" effect. Which of the following is NOT a common attributional bias or explanatory pattern? When the attractive person's eye gaze is shifted away from the viewer, activity in those areas decreases. the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome. A new trend in Illinois is for litigants to attempt to introduce evidence of hindsight bias through opinion testimony by experts in human factors or psychology. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, Blaming the victim is the tendency: a. to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event after it has occurred. The blaming the victim explanatory pattern is reinforced by the hindsight bias. A ) the self - serving bias . True or False, which of the following attitudes is associated with taking responsibility for your own pleasure? Some countries encourage movements in their exchange rate relative to those of some other country as a short-term means of addressing foreign trade imbalances. Hindsight bias, also known as the knew-it-all-along phenomenon or creeping determinism, is the common tendency for people to perceive past events as having been more predictable than they actually were. People often believe that after an event has occurred, they would have predicted or perhaps even would have known with a high degree of certainty what the outcome of the event would have been . ***Remember, this is the shock experiment***. You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. In every case, the teacher was reassured that the experimenter was responsible for the learner's well-being. Person perception is an active, subjective process that always occurs in some interpersonal context. B) after an event has occurred to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome. Example: A person claims that he knew that the outcome of a particular is going to happen opposite the way he describes earlier. "If you really loved me, you would be able to satisfy me sexually."d. All Rights Reserved. Milgram's first obedience study was conducted with 40 male subjects. Blaming the victim is the tendency: a. to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event after it has occurred. You can specify conditions of storing and accessing cookies in your browser, The tendency to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event after it has occurred is to _____ as the tendency to blame an innocent victim of misfortune for having somehow caused the problem is to _____. "It was bound to happen," he said. Respond in two to three sentences. "It was bound to happen," he said. People have a strong tendency to perceive others in terms of two very basic social categories: "us" and "them." Other factors that influence conformity: you are facing a unanimous group of at least four or five people, you must give your response in front of the group, you have not already expressed commitment to a different idea or opinion, you find the task to be ambiguous or difficult, you doubt your abilities or knowledge in the situation, or you are strongly attracted to a group and want to be a member of it. , knows what I want by now."b. investigates how your thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment, involves you as a social being that has been shaped by your interactions with others and by the social environments, including the culture, in which you operate, refers to how we form impressions of other people how we interpret the meaning of other people's behavior, focuses on how our behavior is affected by other people and by situational factors, refers to the mental processes we use to form judgments and draw conclusions about the characteristics of other people, the mental process of classifying people into groups on the basis of common characteristics, refer to these deliberate, conscious mental processes involved perception, judgments, decisions, and reasoning, to describe the mental processes associated with automatic, non-conscious social evaluations, the process of inferring the cause of someone's behavior, including your own, the tendency to spontaneously attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the role of external, situational factors, the innocent victim of a crime, disaster, or serious illness is blamed for having somehow caused the misfortune or for not having taken steps to prevent it, the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome, a strong need to believe that the world is fair -- that we get what we deserve and deserve what we get, when people credit themselves for their success and blame their failures on external circumstances, a learned tendency to evaluate some object, person, or issue in a particular way, an unpleasant state of psychological tension that occurs when there's an inconsistency between two thoughts or perceptions, a negative attitude towards people who belong to a specific social group, a cluster of characteristics that are attributed to members of a specific social group or category, refers to the group or groups to which we belong, refers to groups of which we are not a member, the tendency to see members of the out-group as much more similar to one another, even in areas that have little to do with the criteria for group membership, the belief that one's culture or ethnic group is superior to others, evaluations that are automatic, unintentional, and difficult to control, when you adjust your opinions, judgment, or behavior so that it matches other people, or the norms of a social group or situation, our desire to be liked and accepted by the group, looking to the group as a source of accurate information, the performance of a behavior in response to a direct command, when we help another person with no expectation of personal benefit, any behavior that helps another person whatever the underlying motive, people are much more likely to help when they are alone and if other people are present, helping behavior declines, the responsibility to intervene is shared among all the unlookers, people tend to expend less effort on collective tasks than they do when performing the same task alone, when a task is relatively simple or well rehearsed, the presence of other people tends to enhance individual performance, refers to the reduction of self-awareness and inhibitions that can occur when a person is a part of a group whose numbers feel annoymous, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson, AP Psychology Vocabulary From the Book: Socia. All Rights Reserved. the more industrialized a society becomes, the less formal its social institutions tend to be. this example illustrates: When Yoshiko's hard work and ability landed a big contract for her company, she would not accept the credit, insisting it was pure luck. First, the presence of other people creates a diffusion of responsibility. Milgram described the details of his experimental design to three groups: psychiatrists, college students, and middle-class adults. The experimenter said,The experiment requires that you continue.. Following the consumption of alcohol, Steven is increasingly likely to respond to minor, frustrations with violent outbursts. The tendency to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event is called For example, during a football game, a fan may complain about a play that went wrong. The term "hindsight bias" is defined as "the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen.". 18;21;22;25;26;27;29;30;31;33;36;37;41;42;47;52;55;57;58;62;64;67;69;71;72;73;74;76;7718 ; 21 ; 22 ; 25 ; 26 ; 27 ; 29 ; 30 ; 31 ; 33 ; 36 ; 37 ; 41 ; 42 ; 47 ; 52 ; 55 ; 57 ; 58 ; 62 ; 64 ; 67 ; 69 ; 71 ; 72 ; 73 ; 74 ; 76 ; 77 Our selective attention is drawn to distinctive features of a less-familiar minority. Stereotypes are closely related to another tendency in person perception. "If you really loved me, you would be able to satisfy me sexually."d. You have just committed an attributional bias called: Before Mark had even heard the details of how Allison's car accident had happened, he commented, Allison is so absentminded, I'm sure it happened because she was probably talking on her cell phone and not paying attention. Mark's response illustrates an attributional pattern called: Kidnapped at knifepoint from her bedroom in the middle of the night, 14-year-old Elizabeth Smart was held captive for over nine months by a drifter and his female companion. D) fundamental attribution error. The hindsight bias is the tendency for us to believe falsely that we'd have accurately predicted the outcome of an event, after that outcome is actually known. Stereotypes: a cluster of characteristics that are attributed to members of a specific social group or category. The tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races is called A) ingroup bias. just-word hypothesis. The APA Dictionary of Psychology defines hindsight bias as "the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate the extent to which the outcome could have been foreseen." All Rights Reserved. People who feel good, successful, happy, or fortunate are more likely to help others, (2) Feeling guilty. actor-observer bias social norms If you can easily rationalize your behavior to make it consistent with your attitude, then any dissonance you might experience can be quickly and easily resolved. Solomon Asch set up an experimental situation in which participants were asked to identify which of three comparison lines was identical to a standard line. The tendency to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome of an event is called For example, during a football game, a fan may complain about a play that went wrong. Social Psychology investigates how your thoughts, feelings, and behavior are influenced by the presence of other people and by the social and physical environment. Categorizing the prisoners in this way allowed the guards to dehumanize the detainees, who were seen as subhuman. Define obedience, and explain the results of Milgram's obedience experiments: Obedience is the performance of a behavior in response to a direct command. the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate. It is a fundamentally selfless act. Identify and explain the factors in Mailgram's experiment that promoted continued obedience on the "subjects": (1) A previously well-established mental framework to obey. Hindsight bias is the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. Natalie's inference about the cause of the behavior of her brother's friend is an example of: The common tendency in individualistic cultures to attribute the behavior of others to internal, personal characteristics, while ignoring or underestimating the effects of external, situational factors is called: While eating at a restaurant, you see a waiter's serving tray tilt and an avalanche of food and beverages splatters on four people. She was murdered in the middle of the street, with over 40 witnesses, and no one came to her rescue. Cognitive dissonance commonly occurs in situations in which you become uncomfortably aware that your behavior and your attitudes are in conflict. They tend to obey orders from other people if they recognize their authority as morally right and / or legally based. Pages 168 Ratings 85% (13) 11 out of 13 people found this document helpful; True or False, which of the following attitudes is associated with taking responsibility for your own pleasure? the tendency, after an event has occurred, to overestimate one's ability to have foreseen or predicted the outcome.
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